ENGLISH PATTERNS OF EXPANSION
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ENGLISH COMMERCIALIZATION AFTER 1550
–
BARRIERS
• POLITICAL/RELIGIOUS
CONTROVERSIES
• ECONOMIC CHANGES (END
OF FEUDALISM)
• SHIFT OF POLITICAL POWER
FROM LOCALITIES TOWARD CENTRALIZATION
– HENRY VII
– ELIZABETH I
ENGLISH PATTERNS OF EXPANSION
–
BARRIERS CONT’D
•
LACK OF VENTURE CAPITAL
•
INSUFFICIENT “DEEP OCEAN” KNOWLEDGE
–
RUTTERS
–
CURRENTS
–
WINDS
•
LARGE PART OF WORLD MARKETS
CONTROLLED BY OTHERS
–
ITALIANS
–
SPANISH
–
PORTUGUESE
–
DUTCH
•
WESTERN ROUTES BLOCKED BY N&S
AMERICAN CONTINENTS (SPAIN & PORTUGAL)
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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BARRIERS CONT’D
–
VENETIAN MERCHANTS’ CONTROL
–
HANSEATIC LEAGUE NEAR MONOPOLY
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CHANGES
–
VENETIAN START TO LOOSE POWER
–
ELIZABETH I EXPELS HANSEATIC LEAGUE 1597
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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CHANGES CONT’D
–
MERCHANT COMPANIES
•
ORGANIZATIONS OF LOCAL PRIVATE
TRADERS
•
INCORPORATED BODIES (AS A RULE)
•
CHARTERED BY CROWN
•
“DURING THE YEARS 1555-1698 WHEN
THE COMPANY WAS THE PREVAILING FORM OF ORGANIZED ENTERPRISE, THESE BODIES CONTROLLED
EVERY VARIETY OF PROGRESSIVE BUSINESS UNDERTAKING DOMESTIC, FOREIGN AND COLONIAL
AND THERE WAS SCARCELY AN INDUSTRY OR PART OF THE WORLD IN WHICH THEY WERE NOT
ACTIVE.”
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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FIVE GREAT COMPANIES BEFORE 1606
–
MERCHANT ADVENTURERS OF LONDON, ANTWERP&BRUGGES
–
MOSCOVY COMPANY 1555 (RUSSIA)
–
EASTLAND COMPANY 1579 (BALTIC)
–
LEVANT COMPANY 1581 (PALESTINE)
–
East India Company 1579 (INDIA)
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGE (EAST INDIA)
–
RIGHT TO ACQUIRE TERRITORY
–
CONTRACT ALLIANCES
–
CONTROL TROOPS
–
COIN MONEY
–
DECLARE WAR/MAKE PEACE
ENGLISH PATTERNS OF EXPANSION
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INDIVIDUALS
–
MERCHANTS
–
TENDED TO BELONG TO MORE THAN ONE COMPANY
–
SIR THOMAS SMITH
• GOVERNOR OF THREE COMPANIES
• LEADING PROMOTER
– VIRGINIA COMPANY
– BERMUDA COMPANY
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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COMPANY ORGANIZATION
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FOUR PLANS
–
REGULATED COMPANY
• PARTNERSHIP
• INVESTED PARTNERS RECEIVE
PATENT/MONOPOLY-SPLIT PROFITS
–
SEMI-JOINT STOCK
• NO PERMANENT JOINT STOCK
• NEW FOR EACH VENTURE
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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COMPANY ORGANIZATION CONT’D
–
ALL VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS
• UNINCORPORATED
• NO LEGAL STANDING
COLONIES AND COMPANIES
–
THESE COMPANIES WERE PRIVATE CONCERNS,
STANDING FOR MASSED AND REGULATED CAPITOL, BUT LICENSED AND PROTECTED BY THE
CROWN, NOT BECAUSE THEY EMBODIED ANY CLEAR-CUT DELIBERATE GOVERNMENTAL POLICY,
BUT BECAUSE THEY WERE INSTRUMENTS THE STATE COULD USE IN WIDENING THE AREA OF
ITS POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF THAT STATE, IN HELPING TO FILL THE ROYAL TREASURIES
AND IN AIDING THE SOLUTION OF MANY DIPLOMATIC, ADMINISTRATIVE AND FISCAL PROBLEMS
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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COMPANIES
–
OLD WORLD
–
SPAIN PORTUGAL TOO STRONG UNTIL
1600’S
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PRIVATEERING
–
WAR WITH SPAIN
–
SORT OF A COTTAGE INDUSTRY
–
PROMINENT MEN INVOLVED
•
GEORGE CLIFFORD, EARL OF CUMBERLAND
–
NINE PRIVATEERING VOYAGES TO CARIBBEAN
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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1604-PEACE WITH SPAIN-JAMES I
–
ENDED NEED FOR PRIVATEERS
–
ENERGY INTO LEGITIMATE MERCHANT
ENTERPRISES
–
MANY PRIVATEERS MERELY CHANGE
FLAGS AND CONTINUE
–
CROWN HAD LITTLE INTEREST IN PRIVATEERS OR FOREIGN TRADE
–
PRIVY COUNCIL VERY INTERESTED
–
MEMBERS OF TRADE COMPANIES
–
KING’S VOICE IN FOREIGN TRADE
PATTERNS IN ENGLISH EXPANSION
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THE ENGLISH STYLE
–
COLONIZATION
–
LITTLE EVIDENCE OF “MERCANTILE” PATTERN
–
WHAT DOES COLONIZATION MEAN
–
WHERE DO THE PEOPLE COME FROM?
–
WHAT IS THE INCENTIVE TO LEAVE?
–
DID ANYONE WANT TO GO?
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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AS OF THE PEACE WITH SPAIN (1604)
–
NO PERMANENT ENGLISH COLONY IN NEW WORLD
–
BY 1700 THERE WERE TWENTY ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF N. AMERICA
ALONE
–
WHY?
–
HOW?
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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WHY
–
WHY LEAVE DEAR OLDE MOTHER ENGLAND?
•
LAND
–
TECHNICALLY ALL LAND “OWNED” BY MONARCH
–
ALL LAND OWNERS ARE SO BY MONARCH’S
SUFFERANCE
–
WHEN LAND OWNER IS LAX TENANTS
TAKE ADVANTAGE
–
CREATE “COMMON LAND”
•
TILLING
•
DWELLING
•
HUNTING
•
ETC.
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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1660 WOOL 2/3 ENGLISH FOREIGN
TRADE
–
BOOM IN WOOL TRADE
–
LARGER HERDS
•
MORE PASTURAGE NEEDED
•
COMMON LANDS “ENCLOSED”
–
EXCLUSIVE USE OF LANDLORD
•
MARSHES (FENS) DRAINED
•
SQUATTERS DISPOSSESSED
•
TENANTS’ RENTS RAISED
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MINING, FORESTRY AND OTHER INDUSTRIES
PATTERNS IN ENGLISH EXPANSION
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EFFECTS
–
MANY BECOME “MASTERIES”
–
LOOSENED TRADITIONAL TIE OF YEOMAN
AND LAND
–
ELIZABETH I’S REIGN “DISTRESSED
BY A MONSTROUS SWARM” OF BEGGARS AND CRIMINALS AND URBAN POOR CAUSED BY A DISPLACED
RURAL POPULATION
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WHAT TO DO
–
GO TO THE NEW WORLD
–
200 ACRES IN VIRGINIA 12-22S
–
GETTING THERE WAS A PROBLEM AND
AN EXPENSE
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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COLONIES OFFERED GOVERNMENT SOLUTION
–
DEPORTATION
–
APPEARS VERY EARLY AS A REMEDY
– CATEGORIES
•
VAGRANTS
•
CRIMINALS
•
UNDESIRABLE SOLDIERS
• THOSE UNDER DEATH SENTENCE
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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COLONIES OFFER RELIGIOUS AN OUTLET
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THE PERSECUTED
–
DISSENTERS
–
“PURITANS”
–
“QUAKERS”
–
CATHOLICS
–
OTHERS
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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THOSE SEEKING A PLACE WHERE THE “GODLY” COULD LIVE IN OWN SOCIETY
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MANY REASONS EVEN THE “PILGRIMS” WERE A MINORITY IN THEIR COLONY
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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ENGLISH PATTERN UNPRECEDENTED
–
NO OTHER COUNTRY TRANSPORTED FAMILIES
–
FOREIGN MOTIVATIONS LARGELY ABSENT
• QUICK MONEY
• SLAVES
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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PATTERN’S ANTECEDENTS
–
PLANTATION OF IRELAND
• HENRY
• ELIZABETH
• JAMES
–
ULSTER CROWN PROPERTY FROM 1607
• “ESCHEATMENT” OF “RECUSANT”
IRISH PEERS
–
MERCANTILISM
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES SUMMATION
–
IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION
LARGELY OVERLOOKED
–
SPAIN-GREAT SPECIE WEALTH STAGNATED
–
HOLLAND/ENGLAND FLOURISHED
–
PARTNERSHIP vs JOINT-STOCK
•
PARTNERSHIP-ALL OR NOTHING
•
JOINT-STOCK-ONLY THAT WHICH IS
RISKED CAN BE LOST
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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A SYSTEM TIED TO EARLY MODERN
EUROPEAN STATE
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THE STATE IN CONTEXT
–
THE STATE…IN THE PROCESS OF FORMATION WAS NOT THE NATIONAL STATE
OF TODAY, WITH ITS FREEDOM OF TRADE UNDER PROTECTIVE CONDITIONS…THE STATE OF
THE 17TH CENTURY WAS, IN A SENSE, AN ENLARGED MUNICIPALITY, SELF
SUFFICING AND EXCLUSIVE PROTECTING ITSELF FROM THE OUTER WORLD, CONSERVING ALL
ITS RESOURCES FOR ITS OWN ADVANTAGE, AND JEALOUS OF OTHER STATES.
ENGLISH PATTERN OF EXPANSION
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17TH CENTURY STATE
AND MERCANTILISM
–
INFLUENCE ON TRADE POLICY OF POWERFUL
INDIVIDUALS GREAT
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ENGLAND’S “COMMERCIAL POLICY”
–
SLOW IN MAKING
–
NEVER EXACT OF EXACT DEFINITION
–
UNDERSTOOD ONLY BY STUDY OF IT
IN ACTION OVER 150 YEARS
–
RELATION TO COLONIES IN AMERICA
•
NEVER EXACT OR UNIFORM
•
EXCEPT IN FEW FUNDAMENTALS
PATTERNS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION
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ENGLISH “COMMERCIAL POLICY”
–
MODUS OPERENDI FOR PURPOSE OF MEETING NEEDS OF EXPANDING
STATE
–
FOLLOWED RATHER THAN DIRECTED COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
–
CHANGED TO MEET STATE’S GROWING STATUS/POWER
–
NOT A THEORY-A CONDITION