HISTORY 151 NOTES
HISTORY 151: AMERICA TO 1877
ROBERT CONNOR
R 214D
3478
rconnor1@triton.edu
FOCUS ON TARGET
THE DEFINING EVENT
IN AMERICAN HISTORY
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
CLASS WILL CONSIST OF DISCUSSIONS EXPLAINING
WHO COLONIZED THIS PLACE?
WHAT CAUSED EUROPEAN MOVEMENT?
HOW AMERICA WAS COLONIZED
WHAT INSTITUTIONS DID THEY TRANSPLANT?
WHAT INSTITUTIONS DID THEY DEVELOP?
TERMS:
ANACHRONISM
THE REPRESENTATION OF SOMETHING EXISTING OR OCCURRING AT OTHER THAN ITS OWN TIME
CAUSATION
THE ACT OF CAUSING. A CAUSAL AGENCY. ANYTHING PRODUCING AN EFFECT
TERMS
CONTINUITY
CONTINUOUS FLOW; SERIES OR SUCCESSION; UNBROKEN, COHERENT WHOLE
WATERSHED
A CRUCIAL TURNING POINT AFFECTING ACTION OR OPINION
TERMS
DICHOTOMY
DIVISION INTO TWO PARTS, GROUPS OR CLASSES ESPECIALLY WHEN THESE ARE SHARPLY DISTINGUISHED OR OPPOSED
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
THE PROCESS OF REASONING FROM A KNOWN PRINCIPLE TO AN UNKNOW; FROM THE GENERAL TO THE SPECIFIC
TERMS
INDUCTIVE REASONING
REASONING FROM
PARTICULAR FACTS OR INDIVIDUAL CASES TO A GENERAL CONCLUSION
DIALECTIC
METHOD OF LOGIC USED
BY HEGEL FOR OBSERVABLE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROCESSES THAT AN IDEA OR EVENT
(THESIS) GENERATES ITS OPPOSITE (ANTITHESIS) LEADING TO RECONCILIATION OF
OPPOSITES (SYTHESIS)
TERMS
FALLACY
AN ARGUMENT BASED ON INCORRECT DEMONSTRATION; AN ERROR IN REASONING; FLAW OR DEFECT IN ARGUMENT
PARADIGM
A PATTERN, EXAMPLE OR MODEL
TERMS
THEORY
A FORMULATION OF APPARENT RELATIONSHIPS OR UNDERLYING PRICIPLES OF CERTAIN PHENOMENA WHICH HAS BEEN VERIFIED TO SOME DEGREE
PHENOMENA
FACTS CIRCUMSTANCES OR EXPERIENCES THAT ARE APPARENT TO THE SENSES
TERMS
MYTH
ANY FICTITIOUS STORY OR UNSCIENTIFIC ACCOUNT
NORMATIVE
OF OR ESTABLISHING A NORM OR A STANDARD
TERMS
PHILOSOPHY
THE GENERAL PRICIPLES OR LAWS IN A FIELD OF KNOWLEDGE
TELEOLOGY
A BELIEF THAT NATURAL PHENOMENA ARE DETERMINED NOT ONLY BY MECHANICAL CAUSE, BUT BY AN OVERALL DESIGN OR PURPOSE IN NATURE
TERMS
DETERMINISM
DOCTRINE THAT
EVERYTHING IS DETERMINED BY A SEQUENCE OF CAUSESINDEPENDENT OF CHANCE OR WILL
REDUCTIONISM
ANY METHOD OR THEORY
OF REDUCING DATAPROCESSES OR STATEMENTS TO SEEMING EQUIVALENTS THAT ARE LESS
COMPLEX OR DEVELOPED (A DISPARAGEMENT)
THE MOST IMPORTANT TERM WE WILL USE IN THIS (OR ANY OTHER HISTORY CLASS)
CONTEXT
THE WHOLE SITUATION , BACKGROUND, OR ENVIRONEMENT RELAVENT TO A PARTICULAR EVENT
ALL HISTORY IS CONTEXT
HISTORY 151
INTRODUCTION
IN GENERAL THIS
CLASS WILL DEAL WITH THE ETERNAL STRUGGLE:
POWER VS FREEDOM
THEREFORE,
THE CONSTITUTION
DESTINATION; AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
WHERE DO WE START?
TIME
PLACE
HISTORY 151
CRUSADES
WHAT DID CRUSADES HAVE TO DO WITH AMERICA?
ESTABLISHED EUROPEAN
PRESENCE IN THE LEVANT
TRADE WITH THE
“SPICE ISLANDS” AND “CATHAY”
1291 LEVANT
VIRTUALLY CLOSED WITH EXCEPTIONS
VENICE
GENOA
FLORENCE
ITALIAN MONOPOLY
TWO FACTORS FOR EXPLORATION
ITALIAN MONOPOLY
FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE 1453
COMPELS ATLANTIC COUNTRIES TO SEARCH FOR ROUTES
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
HOLLAND, FRANCE
ENGLAND
HI 151
THEREFORE, WE MUST BEGIN IN EUROPE
AT DAWN OF “AGE OF DISCOVERY” EUROPE EMERGING FROM “MEDIEVAL” TIMES
FUDALISM MOST PERVASIVE POLITY
ORIGINS IN GERMAN CULTURE
PLEDGE OF LOYALTY UNTO DEATH
FUDALISM
CONVERTED BY FRANKISH KINGS TO PAYMENT TO VASSALS FOR MILITARY SERVICE
BASED ON MILITARY
SERVICE
VASSALS OF OVERLORD
IN TURN OFFER SERVICES TO LOWER NOBILITY
ALL LAND HELD IN
SERVICE TO A LORD
STRATIFICATION OF
SOCIETY
CLERGY
NOBILITY
OTHERS
FREEHOLDERS
“VILLIENS”
SERFS
BLACK PLAGUE 1348
SWEEPS THROUGH EUROPE SEVERAL TIMES
1/3? POPULATION OF EUROPE DIES
CONTRIBUTES TO END OF FUDALISM-LACK OF WORKERS
FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE 1453
MARTIN LUTHER 1517
RENAISSANCE
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN-
1485 BATTLE OF BOSWORTH?
1494 FRENCH INVASION OF ITALY?
IMPROVEMENTS IN
SAILING TECHNOLOGY
NAVIGATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
NOTABLE EXPLORATIONS
PORTUGAL (AROUND AFRICA)
DIAZ 1486-87 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
VASCO DA GAMA
1497-99 REACHED INDIA AND RETURNED
AMERIGO VESPUCCI MAPS SOUTH COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA 1501
SPAIN
C COLUMBUS 1492-1504 FOUR TRIPS TO NEW WORLD
P DE LEON 1513
FLORIDA
BALBOA 1513 PACIFIC OCEAN
MAGELLAN 1519-22 CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF GLOBE
CORTES 1519-21 CONQUERED MEXICO
PIZARRO 1531 CONQUERED PERU
DE SOTO MISSISSIPPI
CORONADO SW US
FRANCE
VERRAZANO 1524 EAST COAST OF US LOOKING FOR NW PASSAGE
CARTIER 1534 ST. LAWRENCE RIVER
CHAMPLAIN 1603 QUEBEC
MARQUETTE/JOLIET 1673 EXPLORED MISSISSIPPI
LA SALLE 1668-82 MISSISSIPPI TO ITS MOUTH
HISTORY 151
ENGLAND
CABOT 1497 LABRADOR COAST
DRAKE 1577-80 CIRCUMNAVIGATED GLOBE IN 3 YEARS
GILBERT 1578 NEWFOUNDLAND
RALEIGH 1585-87 ROANOKE VA.
INTRODUCTION TO EUROPEAN EXPANSION
1ST EXAMPLE: SPAIN
WHY?
MUCH STUDY
MISUNDERSTOOD
PROVIDE EXAMPLE OF “DETAILED STUDY”
PROVIDE A BASIS FOR CONTRAST AND COMPARISON
SPAIN SETTLED MOST OF THIS HEMISPHERE
SPAIN
TRADITIONAL INERPRETATION (REDUCTIONISM)
THREE “G’S”
GOLD
GLORY
GOSPEL
SPAIN (AND, PERHAPS, ALL “IMPERIALISTIC” ENDEAVORS)
TRADE
SETTLEMENT
SECURITY
A MORE THOUGHTFUL REDUCTIONISM
PATTERNS IN OVERSEAS EXPANSION
SPAIN
TWO METHODS OR PATTERNS
MERCANTILE
FULL SETTLEMENT
PATTERNS INLUENCED BY PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE
CANARY ISLAND
COMPETITION W/ PORT.
CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
PATTERNS INFLUENCED BY
REGIONAL HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
SOUTHERN COAST-MERCANTILE
INTERIOR-FULL SETTLEMENT
MERCANTILE CHARACTERISTICS
ITALIAN TRADING FIRMS
SOUTHERN COAST OF SPAIN (SEVILLE)
LITTLE ADVANTAGE IN COLONIZATION
FOLLOWED PORTUGUESE EXAMPLE
SMALL FLEETS
CLOSE TO COAST
MERCANTILE CHARACTERISTICS
REJECTED COLONIZATION
QUICK PROFITS
LOW OVERHEAD
COMMODOTIES
GOLD
DYE
SUGAR
SLAVES
MERCANTILE CHARACTERISTICS
DID NOT SHARPLY
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TRADE/ARMED RAIDS-EXTORTION
BOTH METHODS REFERRED
TO AS RESCATE (BARTER)
FACTORY OR FORT-NO
COLONIZATION
SLAVERY IN MERCANTILE SYSTEM
BEGAN c. LATE 1400’S
EARLY ON BLACK SLAVES TRAINED AS ARTISANS
CHANGED WHEN LABOR INTENSIVE SUGAR PLANTATIONS CALLED FOR SUBORDINATE NOT FREE LABOR
FREQUENT CONSEQUENCE WHEN NO DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY
FULL SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
BASED ON RECONQUISTA (ENDED WITH CAPTURE OF GRANADA 1492)
RECONQUISTA EXPEDITIONS LIMITED IN NATURE
LOCAL NOBILITY
TARGET MOORISH HELD TOWN & ENVIRONS
IF SUCCESSFUL THEY
COULD EXPECT
LOOT
HONORS
TITLES
POLITICAL AUTHORITY
TAXES/TRIBUTE
FULL SETTLEMENT
NO FUNDING OR SUPPORT FROM MONARCH PERMISSION REQUIRED
CANARY ISLANDS
BEGAN 1340’S
STARTED IN MERCANTILE TRADITION
SLAVES
GOLD
EVOLVED INTO FULL SETTLEMENT LONG, ERRATIC PROCESS
CANARY ISLANDS
SPANISH SOUGHT TO SUBDUE “PAGAN” PEOPLES
PROCESS LASTED @150 YRS
WARFARE (AS IT WOULD IN THE AMERICAS) INVOLVED VERY LITTLE USE OF GUNPOWDER
VANQUISHED ISLANDERS SOLD
FULL SETTLEMENT PATTERN MATURES
CONQUISTADORS OF CANARYS PROCLAIMED GOVERNORS
AGREEMENTS (CAPITULACIONES) WITH CROWN MADE RANK HEREDITARY
GOVERNORS GIVEN WIDE AUTHORITY
DISTRIBUTE LAND
WEALTH
NATIVES
FULL SETTLEMENT MATURES
MONARCH RECEIVED
QUINTO ROYAL TAX IMPOSED ON ALL LOOT TAKEN IN SUCH EPEDITIONS
RELIGIOUS CONVERSION OF NATIVES
NOT A PRIORITY OF MONARCHS OR THE MERCHANT HOUSES WHICH FUNDED THEM
FEW CLERICS INVOLVED TENDED TO BE EXPEDITION MEMBERS
FAILURE OF MERCANTILE METHOD IN CANARYS
LED TO ADOPTION OF FULL SETTLEMENT
INFORMS THE METHODOLOGY USED IN NEW WORLD
CARIBBEAN
FULL SETTLEMENT NOT THE INTENT
(COLUMBUS, AFTER ALL, WAS ITALIAN)
CONSEQUENCE OF COLUMBUS’ INFLATED REPORTS
LARGE ISLANDS
DENSELY POPULATED
WIDESPREAD AGRICULTURE
PROMISE OF MUCH GOLD
CARIBBEAN
REPORTS CAUSED CROWN TO INCORPORATE WITH COLUMBUS
MAJOR DEPARTURE FROM USUSAL
SUCH ENTERPRISES WERE UNIVERSALLY PRIVATE
COLUMBUS’ 2D VOYAGE
1,500 MEN-17 SHIPS
STILL NO EMPHASIS ON CONVERSION (NOT ‘TILL 2D DECADE)
CARIBBEAN
COLUMBUS STILL AFTER RESCANTE
HE WAS LOOKING FOR CHINA
NATIVES SOLD AS SLAVES, NOT PERMANENT LABOR FORCE
CROWN MERELY SENIOR PARTNER
COLUMBUS NOT INTERESTED IN COLONY ADMINISTRATION
FOLLOWERS OF A DIFFERENT MIND
CARRIBEAN
AFTER THE GOLD RUSH
SUGAR SOON SUPPLANTED BY BRAZIL
FULL SETLLEMENT
PUERTO RICO
JAMAICA
CUBA
MAINLAND
SUBSEQUENT EXPEDITIONS LOCALY INITIATED
DESOTO’S ENTRADA MOUNTED FROM CUBA
CORTES
CORONADOO
SIGNIFICANCE
EXPEDITIONS LED BY MEN OF EXPERIENCE
THOSE MOUNTED FROM SPAIN TENDED TO FAIL
MAILAND EXPEDITIONS FOLLOWED
MAINLAND
FOLLOWED FULL SETTLELMENT METHOD
CORTES LED HIS BACKERS TO BELIEVE RESCANTE TO
BE THE BASIS OF HIS ENTRADA
WHY?
GOVERNOR OF A COLONY USUALLY AUTHORIZED ENTRADA
OFTEN AN INVESTOR
INTERESTED IN QUICK MONEY NOT COLONIZATION-WHY?
PATTERN OF LOCAL ENTRADA
NORMALLY, ENTRADA LEADERS
REPUDIATED AUTHORITY OF GOVERNOR
DECLARED AUTONOMY
INSTALLED LEADER AS
GOVERNOR OF REGION IN NAME OF THE CROWN
ESTABLISH A TOWN
COMPLETE WITH COUNCIL
MUNICIPALITY DECLARED
ITSELF INDEPENDENT SENT EMMISSARY TO THECROWN FOR RECOGNITION
EXPEDITIONS NOT
ORGANIZED ALONG MILITARY LINES
MEMBERS RARELY
VETERANS
TERM “SOLDIERS” NOT
USED TO DESCRIBE MEMBERS
STRICT
DISCIPLINE-COMPLICATED TACTICS RARELY NEEDED HISTORY 151
SAMPLE ENTRADA CONT’D
SWORDS, PIKES, A FEW CROSSBOWS, EVEN FEWER
ARQUEBUSES
TIGHT FIGHTING GROUPS
EACH MAN RESPONSIBLE
FOR OWN EQUIPMENT (DEBT USUALLY GREAT)
FRANCISCO PIZARRO
(1474-1541)
SERVED WITH BALBOA
1522 SYNDICATES WITH
LUQUE & ALMAGRO
ESSAY QUESTIONS
Compare and contrast
the two methods of territorial expansion employed by the Spanish. Discuss the origins of each and give
examples.
Compare and contrast
the development of representative government in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
and the Virginia Colony.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
How might John
Winthrop explain the way he saw government working in the Massachusetts Bay
Colony. Include religious beliefs as
well as economics.
The aftermath of the
English Civil War may have left some « lessons learned » with the
British people of the time. Discuss three of these lessons in
context; what were their origins ?
ESSAY QUESTIONS
Discuss the
differences between the Spanish model(s) of colonization and that of the
British.